[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3352},["ShallowReactive",2],{"wiki-page-\u002Fen-us\u002Fwiki\u002F2023-10-05-cplusplus-jiao-xue\u002F2000-1400-std-optional":3,"wiki-doc-items-\u002Fen-us\u002Fwiki\u002F2023-10-05-cplusplus-jiao-xue\u002F2000-1400-std-optional":2932,"language-switcher-data-\u002Fen-us\u002Fwiki\u002F2023-10-05-cplusplus-jiao-xue\u002F2000-1400-std-optional":3336,"wiki-i18n-paths-\u002Fen-us\u002Fwiki\u002F2023-10-05-cplusplus-jiao-xue\u002F2000-1400-std-optional":3351},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"canonicalPath":2914,"chapterDepth":122,"chapterOrder":2915,"date":2916,"description":115,"docI18nKey":2917,"docKey":2918,"docRoot":2919,"docTitle":2920,"extension":2921,"i18nKey":2922,"isBlogPost":2923,"isWikiDoc":221,"isWikiIndex":2923,"layout":2924,"legacyPath":2924,"locale":2925,"localeSlug":2926,"meta":2927,"navigation":221,"path":2914,"seo":2928,"sourcePath":2929,"sourceStem":2922,"stem":2930,"wikiDepth":122,"__hash__":2931},"content\u002F_i18n\u002Fen-us\u002Fwiki\u002F2023-10-05-Cplusplus教学\u002F2000-1400-std-optional.md","std::optional",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":2893},"minimark",[9,14,18,51,54,79,85,89,98,102,105,109,131,135,326,330,415,419,424,965,972,980,984,1468,1472,1478,1482,1859,1863,1869,1873,1876,1880,1883,1886,1989,1993,1998,2063,2067,2610,2614,2620,2629,2633,2640,2671,2674,2685,2711,2717,2726,2758,2765,2768,2785,2788,2857,2861,2889],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"what-problem-does-this-section-solve","What problem does this section solve?",[15,16,17],"p",{},"When a function returns a result, how do you represent \"no result\"?",[19,20,21,38,41,48],"ul",{},[22,23,24,25,29,30,33,34,37],"li",{},"Using a special value like ",[26,27,28],"code",{},"None"," (Python), ",[26,31,32],{},"null"," (Java\u002FJavaScript), or ",[26,35,36],{},"Optional"," (Java).",[22,39,40],{},"In some cases, returning an empty collection (like an empty list) can signify no results.",[22,42,43,44,47],{},"For numeric results, you might use a special value like ",[26,45,46],{},"NaN"," (Not a Number).",[22,49,50],{},"Throwing an exception is another approach for unexpected \"no result\" cases.",[15,52,53],{},"Common approaches have their drawbacks:",[19,55,56,70,76],{},[22,57,58,59,62,63,66,67,69],{},"Return ",[26,60,61],{},"-1"," or ",[26,64,65],{},"nullptr",": semantically unclear, and ",[26,68,61],{}," might be a valid value.",[22,71,58,72,75],{},[26,73,74],{},"bool"," + Output parameters: Code redundancy requires variables to be declared first.",[22,77,78],{},"Throw exceptions: exceptions have overhead, and \"not found\" is generally not considered an exceptional case.",[15,80,81,84],{},[26,82,83],{},"std::optional\u003CT>"," elegantly expresses the semantics of \"may or may not have a value.\"",[10,86,88],{"id":87},"what-is-this-feature","What is this feature?",[15,90,91,93,94,97],{},[26,92,83],{}," is a template class that either contains a value of type ",[26,95,96],{},"T"," or is empty (has no value). It makes the \"might not have a value\" information part of the type, and the compiler helps you check.",[10,99,101],{"id":100},"c-standard-version","C++ standard version",[15,103,104],{},"C++17",[10,106,108],{"id":107},"required-header-files","Required header files",[110,111,116],"pre",{"className":112,"code":113,"language":114,"meta":115,"style":115},"language-cpp shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","#include \u003Coptional>\n","cpp","",[26,117,118],{"__ignoreMap":115},[119,120,123,127],"span",{"class":121,"line":122},"line",1,[119,124,126],{"class":125},"szBVR","#include",[119,128,130],{"class":129},"sZZnC"," \u003Coptional>\n",[10,132,134],{"id":133},"basic-syntax","Basic Syntax",[110,136,138],{"className":112,"code":137,"language":114,"meta":115,"style":115},"std::optional\u003CT> opt;                    \u002F\u002F 默认空\nstd::optional\u003CT> opt = value;            \u002F\u002F 有值\nstd::optional\u003CT> opt = std::nullopt;     \u002F\u002F 显式空\n\n\u002F\u002F 检查是否有值\nif (opt.has_value()) { ... }\nif (opt) { ... }                         \u002F\u002F 隐式转 bool\n\n\u002F\u002F 获取值\nT val = opt.value();                     \u002F\u002F 若无值抛异常\nT val = *opt;                            \u002F\u002F 若无值是未定义行为\nT val = opt.value_or(default);           \u002F\u002F 若无值返回默认值\n",[26,139,140,165,190,216,223,229,244,255,260,266,286,302],{"__ignoreMap":115},[119,141,142,146,150,153,155,158,161],{"class":121,"line":122},[119,143,145],{"class":144},"sScJk","std",[119,147,149],{"class":148},"sVt8B","::optional",[119,151,152],{"class":125},"\u003C",[119,154,96],{"class":148},[119,156,157],{"class":125},">",[119,159,160],{"class":148}," opt;",[119,162,164],{"class":163},"sJ8bj","                    \u002F\u002F 默认空\n",[119,166,168,170,172,174,176,178,181,184,187],{"class":121,"line":167},2,[119,169,145],{"class":144},[119,171,149],{"class":148},[119,173,152],{"class":125},[119,175,96],{"class":148},[119,177,157],{"class":125},[119,179,180],{"class":148}," opt ",[119,182,183],{"class":125},"=",[119,185,186],{"class":148}," value;",[119,188,189],{"class":163},"            \u002F\u002F 有值\n",[119,191,193,195,197,199,201,203,205,207,210,213],{"class":121,"line":192},3,[119,194,145],{"class":144},[119,196,149],{"class":148},[119,198,152],{"class":125},[119,200,96],{"class":148},[119,202,157],{"class":125},[119,204,180],{"class":148},[119,206,183],{"class":125},[119,208,209],{"class":144}," std",[119,211,212],{"class":148},"::nullopt;",[119,214,215],{"class":163},"     \u002F\u002F 显式空\n",[119,217,219],{"class":121,"line":218},4,[119,220,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},true,"\n",[119,224,226],{"class":121,"line":225},5,[119,227,228],{"class":163},"\u002F\u002F 检查是否有值\n",[119,230,232,235,238,241],{"class":121,"line":231},6,[119,233,234],{"class":125},"if",[119,236,237],{"class":148}," (opt.",[119,239,240],{"class":144},"has_value",[119,242,243],{"class":148},"()) { ... }\n",[119,245,247,249,252],{"class":121,"line":246},7,[119,248,234],{"class":125},[119,250,251],{"class":148}," (opt) { ... }",[119,253,254],{"class":163},"                         \u002F\u002F 隐式转 bool\n",[119,256,258],{"class":121,"line":257},8,[119,259,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,261,263],{"class":121,"line":262},9,[119,264,265],{"class":163},"\u002F\u002F 获取值\n",[119,267,269,272,274,277,280,283],{"class":121,"line":268},10,[119,270,271],{"class":148},"T val ",[119,273,183],{"class":125},[119,275,276],{"class":148}," opt.",[119,278,279],{"class":144},"value",[119,281,282],{"class":148},"();",[119,284,285],{"class":163},"                     \u002F\u002F 若无值抛异常\n",[119,287,289,291,293,296,299],{"class":121,"line":288},11,[119,290,271],{"class":148},[119,292,183],{"class":125},[119,294,295],{"class":125}," *",[119,297,298],{"class":148},"opt;",[119,300,301],{"class":163},"                            \u002F\u002F 若无值是未定义行为\n",[119,303,305,307,309,311,314,317,320,323],{"class":121,"line":304},12,[119,306,271],{"class":148},[119,308,183],{"class":125},[119,310,276],{"class":148},[119,312,313],{"class":144},"value_or",[119,315,316],{"class":148},"(",[119,318,319],{"class":125},"default",[119,321,322],{"class":148},");",[119,324,325],{"class":163},"           \u002F\u002F 若无值返回默认值\n",[10,327,329],{"id":328},"common-usage","Common Usage",[331,332,333,347],"table",{},[334,335,336],"thead",{},[337,338,339,344],"tr",{},[340,341,343],"th",{"align":342},"left","Operation",[340,345,346],{"align":342},"Explanation",[348,349,350,361,375,385,395,405],"tbody",{},[337,351,352,358],{},[353,354,355],"td",{"align":342},[26,356,357],{},"opt.has_value()",[353,359,360],{"align":342},"whether there is a value",[337,362,363,368],{},[353,364,365],{"align":342},[26,366,367],{},"opt.value()",[353,369,370,371,374],{"align":342},"Retrieve value (throw ",[26,372,373],{},"std::bad_optional_access"," if no value)",[337,376,377,382],{},[353,378,379],{"align":342},[26,380,381],{},"*opt",[353,383,384],{"align":342},"Retrieve the value (undefined behavior if no value exists - check first!)",[337,386,387,392],{},[353,388,389],{"align":342},[26,390,391],{},"opt.value_or(default)",[353,393,394],{"align":342},"Get value, return default value if none exists.",[337,396,397,402],{},[353,398,399],{"align":342},[26,400,401],{},"opt = std::nullopt",[353,403,404],{"align":342},"Clear",[337,406,407,412],{},[353,408,409],{"align":342},[26,410,411],{},"opt.emplace(args...)",[353,413,414],{"align":342},"in-place construct value",[10,416,418],{"id":417},"example-code","Example code",[420,421,423],"h3",{"id":422},"example-1-using-optional-to-represent-might-not-be-found","Example 1: Using optional to represent \"might not be found\"",[110,425,427],{"className":112,"code":426,"language":114,"meta":115,"style":115},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Coptional>\n#include \u003Cstring>\n#include \u003Cvector>\n\n\u002F\u002F 在 vector 中查找元素，返回位置（可能找不到）\nstd::optional\u003Csize_t> find_index(const std::vector\u003Cstd::string>& v,\n                                  const std::string& target)\n{\n    for (size_t i = 0; i \u003C v.size(); ++i)\n    {\n        if (v[i] == target)\n        {\n            return i;  \u002F\u002F 找到了\n        }\n    }\n    return std::nullopt;  \u002F\u002F 没找到\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n    std::vector\u003Cstd::string> names = {\"Alice\", \"Bob\", \"Charlie\"};\n\n    auto idx = find_index(names, \"Bob\");\n    if (idx)\n    {\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C \"Found Bob at index \" \u003C\u003C *idx \u003C\u003C \"\\n\";\n    }\n\n    auto idx2 = find_index(names, \"David\");\n    if (!idx2)\n    {\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C \"David not found\\n\";\n    }\n\n    \u002F\u002F 使用 value_or 提供默认值\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C \"Result: \" \u003C\u003C idx.value_or(999) \u003C\u003C \"\\n\";\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C \"Result2: \" \u003C\u003C idx2.value_or(999) \u003C\u003C \"\\n\";\n\n    return 0;\n}\n",[26,428,429,436,442,449,456,460,465,519,538,543,582,587,601,607,619,625,631,644,650,655,667,672,715,720,742,751,756,793,798,803,822,835,840,858,863,868,874,911,946,951,960],{"__ignoreMap":115},[119,430,431,433],{"class":121,"line":122},[119,432,126],{"class":125},[119,434,435],{"class":129}," \u003Ciostream>\n",[119,437,438,440],{"class":121,"line":167},[119,439,126],{"class":125},[119,441,130],{"class":129},[119,443,444,446],{"class":121,"line":192},[119,445,126],{"class":125},[119,447,448],{"class":129}," \u003Cstring>\n",[119,450,451,453],{"class":121,"line":218},[119,452,126],{"class":125},[119,454,455],{"class":129}," \u003Cvector>\n",[119,457,458],{"class":121,"line":225},[119,459,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,461,462],{"class":121,"line":231},[119,463,464],{"class":163},"\u002F\u002F 在 vector 中查找元素，返回位置（可能找不到）\n",[119,466,467,469,472,475,477,480,483,486,488,491,493,495,498,500,502,504,507,509,512,516],{"class":121,"line":246},[119,468,145],{"class":144},[119,470,471],{"class":148},"::",[119,473,474],{"class":144},"optional",[119,476,152],{"class":148},[119,478,479],{"class":125},"size_t",[119,481,482],{"class":148},"> ",[119,484,485],{"class":144},"find_index",[119,487,316],{"class":148},[119,489,490],{"class":125},"const",[119,492,209],{"class":144},[119,494,471],{"class":148},[119,496,497],{"class":144},"vector",[119,499,152],{"class":148},[119,501,145],{"class":144},[119,503,471],{"class":148},[119,505,506],{"class":144},"string",[119,508,157],{"class":148},[119,510,511],{"class":125},"&",[119,513,515],{"class":514},"s4XuR"," v",[119,517,518],{"class":148},",\n",[119,520,521,524,526,528,530,532,535],{"class":121,"line":257},[119,522,523],{"class":125},"                                  const",[119,525,209],{"class":144},[119,527,471],{"class":148},[119,529,506],{"class":144},[119,531,511],{"class":125},[119,533,534],{"class":514}," target",[119,536,537],{"class":148},")\n",[119,539,540],{"class":121,"line":262},[119,541,542],{"class":148},"{\n",[119,544,545,548,551,553,556,558,562,565,567,570,573,576,579],{"class":121,"line":268},[119,546,547],{"class":125},"    for",[119,549,550],{"class":148}," (",[119,552,479],{"class":125},[119,554,555],{"class":148}," i ",[119,557,183],{"class":125},[119,559,561],{"class":560},"sj4cs"," 0",[119,563,564],{"class":148},"; i ",[119,566,152],{"class":125},[119,568,569],{"class":148}," v.",[119,571,572],{"class":144},"size",[119,574,575],{"class":148},"(); ",[119,577,578],{"class":125},"++",[119,580,581],{"class":148},"i)\n",[119,583,584],{"class":121,"line":288},[119,585,586],{"class":148},"    {\n",[119,588,589,592,595,598],{"class":121,"line":304},[119,590,591],{"class":125},"        if",[119,593,594],{"class":148}," (v[i] ",[119,596,597],{"class":125},"==",[119,599,600],{"class":148}," target)\n",[119,602,604],{"class":121,"line":603},13,[119,605,606],{"class":148},"        {\n",[119,608,610,613,616],{"class":121,"line":609},14,[119,611,612],{"class":125},"            return",[119,614,615],{"class":148}," i;",[119,617,618],{"class":163},"  \u002F\u002F 找到了\n",[119,620,622],{"class":121,"line":621},15,[119,623,624],{"class":148},"        }\n",[119,626,628],{"class":121,"line":627},16,[119,629,630],{"class":148},"    }\n",[119,632,634,637,639,641],{"class":121,"line":633},17,[119,635,636],{"class":125},"    return",[119,638,209],{"class":144},[119,640,212],{"class":148},[119,642,643],{"class":163},"  \u002F\u002F 没找到\n",[119,645,647],{"class":121,"line":646},18,[119,648,649],{"class":148},"}\n",[119,651,653],{"class":121,"line":652},19,[119,654,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,656,658,661,664],{"class":121,"line":657},20,[119,659,660],{"class":125},"int",[119,662,663],{"class":144}," main",[119,665,666],{"class":148},"()\n",[119,668,670],{"class":121,"line":669},21,[119,671,542],{"class":148},[119,673,675,678,681,683,685,688,690,693,695,698,701,704,707,709,712],{"class":121,"line":674},22,[119,676,677],{"class":144},"    std",[119,679,680],{"class":148},"::vector",[119,682,152],{"class":125},[119,684,145],{"class":144},[119,686,687],{"class":148},"::string",[119,689,157],{"class":125},[119,691,692],{"class":148}," names ",[119,694,183],{"class":125},[119,696,697],{"class":148}," {",[119,699,700],{"class":129},"\"Alice\"",[119,702,703],{"class":148},", ",[119,705,706],{"class":129},"\"Bob\"",[119,708,703],{"class":148},[119,710,711],{"class":129},"\"Charlie\"",[119,713,714],{"class":148},"};\n",[119,716,718],{"class":121,"line":717},23,[119,719,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,721,723,726,729,731,734,737,739],{"class":121,"line":722},24,[119,724,725],{"class":125},"    auto",[119,727,728],{"class":148}," idx ",[119,730,183],{"class":125},[119,732,733],{"class":144}," find_index",[119,735,736],{"class":148},"(names, ",[119,738,706],{"class":129},[119,740,741],{"class":148},");\n",[119,743,745,748],{"class":121,"line":744},25,[119,746,747],{"class":125},"    if",[119,749,750],{"class":148}," (idx)\n",[119,752,754],{"class":121,"line":753},26,[119,755,586],{"class":148},[119,757,759,762,765,768,771,774,776,779,781,784,787,790],{"class":121,"line":758},27,[119,760,761],{"class":144},"        std",[119,763,764],{"class":148},"::cout ",[119,766,767],{"class":125},"\u003C\u003C",[119,769,770],{"class":129}," \"Found Bob at index \"",[119,772,773],{"class":125}," \u003C\u003C",[119,775,295],{"class":125},[119,777,778],{"class":148},"idx ",[119,780,767],{"class":125},[119,782,783],{"class":129}," \"",[119,785,786],{"class":560},"\\n",[119,788,789],{"class":129},"\"",[119,791,792],{"class":148},";\n",[119,794,796],{"class":121,"line":795},28,[119,797,630],{"class":148},[119,799,801],{"class":121,"line":800},29,[119,802,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,804,806,808,811,813,815,817,820],{"class":121,"line":805},30,[119,807,725],{"class":125},[119,809,810],{"class":148}," idx2 ",[119,812,183],{"class":125},[119,814,733],{"class":144},[119,816,736],{"class":148},[119,818,819],{"class":129},"\"David\"",[119,821,741],{"class":148},[119,823,825,827,829,832],{"class":121,"line":824},31,[119,826,747],{"class":125},[119,828,550],{"class":148},[119,830,831],{"class":125},"!",[119,833,834],{"class":148},"idx2)\n",[119,836,838],{"class":121,"line":837},32,[119,839,586],{"class":148},[119,841,843,845,847,849,852,854,856],{"class":121,"line":842},33,[119,844,761],{"class":144},[119,846,764],{"class":148},[119,848,767],{"class":125},[119,850,851],{"class":129}," \"David not found",[119,853,786],{"class":560},[119,855,789],{"class":129},[119,857,792],{"class":148},[119,859,861],{"class":121,"line":860},34,[119,862,630],{"class":148},[119,864,866],{"class":121,"line":865},35,[119,867,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,869,871],{"class":121,"line":870},36,[119,872,873],{"class":163},"    \u002F\u002F 使用 value_or 提供默认值\n",[119,875,877,879,881,883,886,888,891,893,895,898,901,903,905,907,909],{"class":121,"line":876},37,[119,878,677],{"class":144},[119,880,764],{"class":148},[119,882,767],{"class":125},[119,884,885],{"class":129}," \"Result: \"",[119,887,773],{"class":125},[119,889,890],{"class":148}," idx.",[119,892,313],{"class":144},[119,894,316],{"class":148},[119,896,897],{"class":560},"999",[119,899,900],{"class":148},") ",[119,902,767],{"class":125},[119,904,783],{"class":129},[119,906,786],{"class":560},[119,908,789],{"class":129},[119,910,792],{"class":148},[119,912,914,916,918,920,923,925,928,930,932,934,936,938,940,942,944],{"class":121,"line":913},38,[119,915,677],{"class":144},[119,917,764],{"class":148},[119,919,767],{"class":125},[119,921,922],{"class":129}," \"Result2: \"",[119,924,773],{"class":125},[119,926,927],{"class":148}," idx2.",[119,929,313],{"class":144},[119,931,316],{"class":148},[119,933,897],{"class":560},[119,935,900],{"class":148},[119,937,767],{"class":125},[119,939,783],{"class":129},[119,941,786],{"class":560},[119,943,789],{"class":129},[119,945,792],{"class":148},[119,947,949],{"class":121,"line":948},39,[119,950,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,952,954,956,958],{"class":121,"line":953},40,[119,955,636],{"class":125},[119,957,561],{"class":560},[119,959,792],{"class":148},[119,961,963],{"class":121,"line":962},41,[119,964,649],{"class":148},[15,966,967,971],{},[968,969,970],"strong",{},"Results","：",[110,973,978],{"className":974,"code":976,"language":977},[975],"language-text","Found Bob at index 1\nDavid not found\nResult: 1\nResult2: 999\n","text",[26,979,976],{"__ignoreMap":115},[420,981,983],{"id":982},"example-2-building-on-example-1-using-optional-to-represent-possibly-failed-conversion","Example 2: Building on Example 1, using optional to represent possibly failed conversion",[110,985,987],{"className":112,"code":986,"language":114,"meta":115,"style":115},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Coptional>\n#include \u003Cstring>\n\n\u002F\u002F 字符串转整数，失败返回 nullopt\nstd::optional\u003Cint> to_int(const std::string& s)\n{\n    try\n    {\n        size_t pos;\n        int val = std::stoi(s, &pos);\n        if (pos == s.size())  \u002F\u002F 整个字符串都被转换了\n        {\n            return val;\n        }\n    }\n    catch (...) {}\n    return std::nullopt;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n    auto r1 = to_int(\"42\");\n    auto r2 = to_int(\"3.14\");  \u002F\u002F 带小数点\n    auto r3 = to_int(\"hello\"); \u002F\u002F 不是数字\n\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C \"\\\"42\\\" -> \" \u003C\u003C r1.value_or(-1) \u003C\u003C \"\\n\";\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C \"\\\"3.14\\\" -> \" \u003C\u003C r2.value_or(-1) \u003C\u003C \"\\n\";\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C \"\\\"hello\\\" -> \" \u003C\u003C r3.value_or(-1) \u003C\u003C \"\\n\";\n\n    \u002F\u002F 用 if 检查\n    if (auto r = to_int(\"100\"); r)\n    {\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C \"100 * 2 = \" \u003C\u003C (*r * 2) \u003C\u003C \"\\n\";\n    }\n\n    return 0;\n}\n",[26,988,989,995,1001,1007,1011,1016,1050,1054,1059,1063,1071,1096,1116,1120,1127,1131,1135,1143,1152,1156,1160,1168,1172,1191,1212,1233,1237,1285,1329,1373,1377,1382,1406,1410,1448,1452,1456,1464],{"__ignoreMap":115},[119,990,991,993],{"class":121,"line":122},[119,992,126],{"class":125},[119,994,435],{"class":129},[119,996,997,999],{"class":121,"line":167},[119,998,126],{"class":125},[119,1000,130],{"class":129},[119,1002,1003,1005],{"class":121,"line":192},[119,1004,126],{"class":125},[119,1006,448],{"class":129},[119,1008,1009],{"class":121,"line":218},[119,1010,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,1012,1013],{"class":121,"line":225},[119,1014,1015],{"class":163},"\u002F\u002F 字符串转整数，失败返回 nullopt\n",[119,1017,1018,1020,1022,1024,1026,1028,1030,1033,1035,1037,1039,1041,1043,1045,1048],{"class":121,"line":231},[119,1019,145],{"class":144},[119,1021,471],{"class":148},[119,1023,474],{"class":144},[119,1025,152],{"class":148},[119,1027,660],{"class":125},[119,1029,482],{"class":148},[119,1031,1032],{"class":144},"to_int",[119,1034,316],{"class":148},[119,1036,490],{"class":125},[119,1038,209],{"class":144},[119,1040,471],{"class":148},[119,1042,506],{"class":144},[119,1044,511],{"class":125},[119,1046,1047],{"class":514}," s",[119,1049,537],{"class":148},[119,1051,1052],{"class":121,"line":246},[119,1053,542],{"class":148},[119,1055,1056],{"class":121,"line":257},[119,1057,1058],{"class":125},"    try\n",[119,1060,1061],{"class":121,"line":262},[119,1062,586],{"class":148},[119,1064,1065,1068],{"class":121,"line":268},[119,1066,1067],{"class":125},"        size_t",[119,1069,1070],{"class":148}," pos;\n",[119,1072,1073,1076,1079,1081,1083,1085,1088,1091,1093],{"class":121,"line":288},[119,1074,1075],{"class":125},"        int",[119,1077,1078],{"class":148}," val ",[119,1080,183],{"class":125},[119,1082,209],{"class":144},[119,1084,471],{"class":148},[119,1086,1087],{"class":144},"stoi",[119,1089,1090],{"class":148},"(s, ",[119,1092,511],{"class":125},[119,1094,1095],{"class":148},"pos);\n",[119,1097,1098,1100,1103,1105,1108,1110,1113],{"class":121,"line":304},[119,1099,591],{"class":125},[119,1101,1102],{"class":148}," (pos ",[119,1104,597],{"class":125},[119,1106,1107],{"class":148}," s.",[119,1109,572],{"class":144},[119,1111,1112],{"class":148},"())",[119,1114,1115],{"class":163},"  \u002F\u002F 整个字符串都被转换了\n",[119,1117,1118],{"class":121,"line":603},[119,1119,606],{"class":148},[119,1121,1122,1124],{"class":121,"line":609},[119,1123,612],{"class":125},[119,1125,1126],{"class":148}," val;\n",[119,1128,1129],{"class":121,"line":621},[119,1130,624],{"class":148},[119,1132,1133],{"class":121,"line":627},[119,1134,630],{"class":148},[119,1136,1137,1140],{"class":121,"line":633},[119,1138,1139],{"class":125},"    catch",[119,1141,1142],{"class":148}," (...) {}\n",[119,1144,1145,1147,1149],{"class":121,"line":646},[119,1146,636],{"class":125},[119,1148,209],{"class":144},[119,1150,1151],{"class":148},"::nullopt;\n",[119,1153,1154],{"class":121,"line":652},[119,1155,649],{"class":148},[119,1157,1158],{"class":121,"line":657},[119,1159,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,1161,1162,1164,1166],{"class":121,"line":669},[119,1163,660],{"class":125},[119,1165,663],{"class":144},[119,1167,666],{"class":148},[119,1169,1170],{"class":121,"line":674},[119,1171,542],{"class":148},[119,1173,1174,1176,1179,1181,1184,1186,1189],{"class":121,"line":717},[119,1175,725],{"class":125},[119,1177,1178],{"class":148}," r1 ",[119,1180,183],{"class":125},[119,1182,1183],{"class":144}," to_int",[119,1185,316],{"class":148},[119,1187,1188],{"class":129},"\"42\"",[119,1190,741],{"class":148},[119,1192,1193,1195,1198,1200,1202,1204,1207,1209],{"class":121,"line":722},[119,1194,725],{"class":125},[119,1196,1197],{"class":148}," r2 ",[119,1199,183],{"class":125},[119,1201,1183],{"class":144},[119,1203,316],{"class":148},[119,1205,1206],{"class":129},"\"3.14\"",[119,1208,322],{"class":148},[119,1210,1211],{"class":163},"  \u002F\u002F 带小数点\n",[119,1213,1214,1216,1219,1221,1223,1225,1228,1230],{"class":121,"line":744},[119,1215,725],{"class":125},[119,1217,1218],{"class":148}," r3 ",[119,1220,183],{"class":125},[119,1222,1183],{"class":144},[119,1224,316],{"class":148},[119,1226,1227],{"class":129},"\"hello\"",[119,1229,322],{"class":148},[119,1231,1232],{"class":163}," \u002F\u002F 不是数字\n",[119,1234,1235],{"class":121,"line":753},[119,1236,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,1238,1239,1241,1243,1245,1247,1250,1253,1255,1258,1260,1263,1265,1267,1270,1273,1275,1277,1279,1281,1283],{"class":121,"line":758},[119,1240,677],{"class":144},[119,1242,764],{"class":148},[119,1244,767],{"class":125},[119,1246,783],{"class":129},[119,1248,1249],{"class":560},"\\\"",[119,1251,1252],{"class":129},"42",[119,1254,1249],{"class":560},[119,1256,1257],{"class":129}," -> \"",[119,1259,773],{"class":125},[119,1261,1262],{"class":148}," r1.",[119,1264,313],{"class":144},[119,1266,316],{"class":148},[119,1268,1269],{"class":125},"-",[119,1271,1272],{"class":560},"1",[119,1274,900],{"class":148},[119,1276,767],{"class":125},[119,1278,783],{"class":129},[119,1280,786],{"class":560},[119,1282,789],{"class":129},[119,1284,792],{"class":148},[119,1286,1287,1289,1291,1293,1295,1297,1300,1302,1304,1306,1309,1311,1313,1315,1317,1319,1321,1323,1325,1327],{"class":121,"line":795},[119,1288,677],{"class":144},[119,1290,764],{"class":148},[119,1292,767],{"class":125},[119,1294,783],{"class":129},[119,1296,1249],{"class":560},[119,1298,1299],{"class":129},"3.14",[119,1301,1249],{"class":560},[119,1303,1257],{"class":129},[119,1305,773],{"class":125},[119,1307,1308],{"class":148}," r2.",[119,1310,313],{"class":144},[119,1312,316],{"class":148},[119,1314,1269],{"class":125},[119,1316,1272],{"class":560},[119,1318,900],{"class":148},[119,1320,767],{"class":125},[119,1322,783],{"class":129},[119,1324,786],{"class":560},[119,1326,789],{"class":129},[119,1328,792],{"class":148},[119,1330,1331,1333,1335,1337,1339,1341,1344,1346,1348,1350,1353,1355,1357,1359,1361,1363,1365,1367,1369,1371],{"class":121,"line":800},[119,1332,677],{"class":144},[119,1334,764],{"class":148},[119,1336,767],{"class":125},[119,1338,783],{"class":129},[119,1340,1249],{"class":560},[119,1342,1343],{"class":129},"hello",[119,1345,1249],{"class":560},[119,1347,1257],{"class":129},[119,1349,773],{"class":125},[119,1351,1352],{"class":148}," r3.",[119,1354,313],{"class":144},[119,1356,316],{"class":148},[119,1358,1269],{"class":125},[119,1360,1272],{"class":560},[119,1362,900],{"class":148},[119,1364,767],{"class":125},[119,1366,783],{"class":129},[119,1368,786],{"class":560},[119,1370,789],{"class":129},[119,1372,792],{"class":148},[119,1374,1375],{"class":121,"line":805},[119,1376,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,1378,1379],{"class":121,"line":824},[119,1380,1381],{"class":163},"    \u002F\u002F 用 if 检查\n",[119,1383,1384,1386,1388,1391,1394,1396,1398,1400,1403],{"class":121,"line":837},[119,1385,747],{"class":125},[119,1387,550],{"class":148},[119,1389,1390],{"class":125},"auto",[119,1392,1393],{"class":148}," r ",[119,1395,183],{"class":125},[119,1397,1183],{"class":144},[119,1399,316],{"class":148},[119,1401,1402],{"class":129},"\"100\"",[119,1404,1405],{"class":148},"); r)\n",[119,1407,1408],{"class":121,"line":842},[119,1409,586],{"class":148},[119,1411,1412,1414,1416,1418,1421,1423,1425,1428,1431,1433,1436,1438,1440,1442,1444,1446],{"class":121,"line":860},[119,1413,761],{"class":144},[119,1415,764],{"class":148},[119,1417,767],{"class":125},[119,1419,1420],{"class":129}," \"100 * 2 = \"",[119,1422,773],{"class":125},[119,1424,550],{"class":148},[119,1426,1427],{"class":125},"*",[119,1429,1430],{"class":148},"r ",[119,1432,1427],{"class":125},[119,1434,1435],{"class":560}," 2",[119,1437,900],{"class":148},[119,1439,767],{"class":125},[119,1441,783],{"class":129},[119,1443,786],{"class":560},[119,1445,789],{"class":129},[119,1447,792],{"class":148},[119,1449,1450],{"class":121,"line":865},[119,1451,630],{"class":148},[119,1453,1454],{"class":121,"line":870},[119,1455,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,1457,1458,1460,1462],{"class":121,"line":876},[119,1459,636],{"class":125},[119,1461,561],{"class":560},[119,1463,792],{"class":148},[119,1465,1466],{"class":121,"line":913},[119,1467,649],{"class":148},[15,1469,1470,971],{},[968,1471,970],{},[110,1473,1476],{"className":1474,"code":1475,"language":977},[975],"\"42\" -> 42\n\"3.14\" -> -1\n\"hello\" -> -1\n100 * 2 = 200\n",[26,1477,1475],{"__ignoreMap":115},[420,1479,1481],{"id":1480},"example-3-building-on-example-2-using-optional-as-a-struct-member-a-field-that-may-not-exist","Example 3: Building on Example 2, using optional as a struct member (a field that \"may not exist\")",[110,1483,1485],{"className":112,"code":1484,"language":114,"meta":115,"style":115},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Coptional>\n#include \u003Cstring>\n\nstruct Person\n{\n    std::string name;\n    int age;\n    std::optional\u003Cstd::string> nickname;  \u002F\u002F 可能没有昵称\n    std::optional\u003Cint> score;              \u002F\u002F 成绩可能尚未录入\n};\n\nvoid print_person(const Person& p)\n{\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C \"Name: \" \u003C\u003C p.name \u003C\u003C \"\\n\";\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C \"Age: \" \u003C\u003C p.age \u003C\u003C \"\\n\";\n\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C \"Nickname: \" \u003C\u003C p.nickname.value_or(\"(none)\") \u003C\u003C \"\\n\";\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C \"Score: \" \u003C\u003C p.score.value_or(-1) \u003C\u003C \"\\n\";\n\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C \"---\\n\";\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n    Person p1{\"Alice\", 20, \"Ali\", 95};\n    Person p2{\"Bob\", 22, std::nullopt, std::nullopt};  \u002F\u002F 没有昵称和成绩\n\n    print_person(p1);\n    print_person(p2);\n\n    return 0;\n}\n",[26,1486,1487,1493,1499,1505,1509,1517,1521,1528,1536,1556,1571,1575,1579,1601,1605,1631,1657,1661,1696,1732,1736,1753,1757,1761,1769,1773,1797,1824,1828,1836,1843,1847,1855],{"__ignoreMap":115},[119,1488,1489,1491],{"class":121,"line":122},[119,1490,126],{"class":125},[119,1492,435],{"class":129},[119,1494,1495,1497],{"class":121,"line":167},[119,1496,126],{"class":125},[119,1498,130],{"class":129},[119,1500,1501,1503],{"class":121,"line":192},[119,1502,126],{"class":125},[119,1504,448],{"class":129},[119,1506,1507],{"class":121,"line":218},[119,1508,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,1510,1511,1514],{"class":121,"line":225},[119,1512,1513],{"class":125},"struct",[119,1515,1516],{"class":144}," Person\n",[119,1518,1519],{"class":121,"line":231},[119,1520,542],{"class":148},[119,1522,1523,1525],{"class":121,"line":246},[119,1524,677],{"class":144},[119,1526,1527],{"class":148},"::string name;\n",[119,1529,1530,1533],{"class":121,"line":257},[119,1531,1532],{"class":125},"    int",[119,1534,1535],{"class":148}," age;\n",[119,1537,1538,1540,1542,1544,1546,1548,1550,1553],{"class":121,"line":262},[119,1539,677],{"class":144},[119,1541,149],{"class":148},[119,1543,152],{"class":125},[119,1545,145],{"class":144},[119,1547,687],{"class":148},[119,1549,157],{"class":125},[119,1551,1552],{"class":148}," nickname;",[119,1554,1555],{"class":163},"  \u002F\u002F 可能没有昵称\n",[119,1557,1558,1560,1562,1565,1568],{"class":121,"line":268},[119,1559,677],{"class":144},[119,1561,149],{"class":148},[119,1563,1564],{"class":125},"\u003Cint>",[119,1566,1567],{"class":148}," score;",[119,1569,1570],{"class":163},"              \u002F\u002F 成绩可能尚未录入\n",[119,1572,1573],{"class":121,"line":288},[119,1574,714],{"class":148},[119,1576,1577],{"class":121,"line":304},[119,1578,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,1580,1581,1584,1587,1589,1591,1594,1596,1599],{"class":121,"line":603},[119,1582,1583],{"class":125},"void",[119,1585,1586],{"class":144}," print_person",[119,1588,316],{"class":148},[119,1590,490],{"class":125},[119,1592,1593],{"class":144}," Person",[119,1595,511],{"class":125},[119,1597,1598],{"class":514}," p",[119,1600,537],{"class":148},[119,1602,1603],{"class":121,"line":609},[119,1604,542],{"class":148},[119,1606,1607,1609,1611,1613,1616,1618,1621,1623,1625,1627,1629],{"class":121,"line":621},[119,1608,677],{"class":144},[119,1610,764],{"class":148},[119,1612,767],{"class":125},[119,1614,1615],{"class":129}," \"Name: \"",[119,1617,773],{"class":125},[119,1619,1620],{"class":148}," p.name ",[119,1622,767],{"class":125},[119,1624,783],{"class":129},[119,1626,786],{"class":560},[119,1628,789],{"class":129},[119,1630,792],{"class":148},[119,1632,1633,1635,1637,1639,1642,1644,1647,1649,1651,1653,1655],{"class":121,"line":627},[119,1634,677],{"class":144},[119,1636,764],{"class":148},[119,1638,767],{"class":125},[119,1640,1641],{"class":129}," \"Age: \"",[119,1643,773],{"class":125},[119,1645,1646],{"class":148}," p.age ",[119,1648,767],{"class":125},[119,1650,783],{"class":129},[119,1652,786],{"class":560},[119,1654,789],{"class":129},[119,1656,792],{"class":148},[119,1658,1659],{"class":121,"line":633},[119,1660,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,1662,1663,1665,1667,1669,1672,1674,1677,1679,1681,1684,1686,1688,1690,1692,1694],{"class":121,"line":646},[119,1664,677],{"class":144},[119,1666,764],{"class":148},[119,1668,767],{"class":125},[119,1670,1671],{"class":129}," \"Nickname: \"",[119,1673,773],{"class":125},[119,1675,1676],{"class":148}," p.nickname.",[119,1678,313],{"class":144},[119,1680,316],{"class":148},[119,1682,1683],{"class":129},"\"(none)\"",[119,1685,900],{"class":148},[119,1687,767],{"class":125},[119,1689,783],{"class":129},[119,1691,786],{"class":560},[119,1693,789],{"class":129},[119,1695,792],{"class":148},[119,1697,1698,1700,1702,1704,1707,1709,1712,1714,1716,1718,1720,1722,1724,1726,1728,1730],{"class":121,"line":652},[119,1699,677],{"class":144},[119,1701,764],{"class":148},[119,1703,767],{"class":125},[119,1705,1706],{"class":129}," \"Score: \"",[119,1708,773],{"class":125},[119,1710,1711],{"class":148}," p.score.",[119,1713,313],{"class":144},[119,1715,316],{"class":148},[119,1717,1269],{"class":125},[119,1719,1272],{"class":560},[119,1721,900],{"class":148},[119,1723,767],{"class":125},[119,1725,783],{"class":129},[119,1727,786],{"class":560},[119,1729,789],{"class":129},[119,1731,792],{"class":148},[119,1733,1734],{"class":121,"line":657},[119,1735,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,1737,1738,1740,1742,1744,1747,1749,1751],{"class":121,"line":669},[119,1739,677],{"class":144},[119,1741,764],{"class":148},[119,1743,767],{"class":125},[119,1745,1746],{"class":129}," \"---",[119,1748,786],{"class":560},[119,1750,789],{"class":129},[119,1752,792],{"class":148},[119,1754,1755],{"class":121,"line":674},[119,1756,649],{"class":148},[119,1758,1759],{"class":121,"line":717},[119,1760,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,1762,1763,1765,1767],{"class":121,"line":722},[119,1764,660],{"class":125},[119,1766,663],{"class":144},[119,1768,666],{"class":148},[119,1770,1771],{"class":121,"line":744},[119,1772,542],{"class":148},[119,1774,1775,1778,1780,1782,1785,1787,1790,1792,1795],{"class":121,"line":753},[119,1776,1777],{"class":148},"    Person p1{",[119,1779,700],{"class":129},[119,1781,703],{"class":148},[119,1783,1784],{"class":560},"20",[119,1786,703],{"class":148},[119,1788,1789],{"class":129},"\"Ali\"",[119,1791,703],{"class":148},[119,1793,1794],{"class":560},"95",[119,1796,714],{"class":148},[119,1798,1799,1802,1804,1806,1809,1811,1813,1816,1818,1821],{"class":121,"line":758},[119,1800,1801],{"class":148},"    Person p2{",[119,1803,706],{"class":129},[119,1805,703],{"class":148},[119,1807,1808],{"class":560},"22",[119,1810,703],{"class":148},[119,1812,145],{"class":144},[119,1814,1815],{"class":148},"::nullopt, ",[119,1817,145],{"class":144},[119,1819,1820],{"class":148},"::nullopt};",[119,1822,1823],{"class":163},"  \u002F\u002F 没有昵称和成绩\n",[119,1825,1826],{"class":121,"line":795},[119,1827,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,1829,1830,1833],{"class":121,"line":800},[119,1831,1832],{"class":144},"    print_person",[119,1834,1835],{"class":148},"(p1);\n",[119,1837,1838,1840],{"class":121,"line":805},[119,1839,1832],{"class":144},[119,1841,1842],{"class":148},"(p2);\n",[119,1844,1845],{"class":121,"line":824},[119,1846,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,1848,1849,1851,1853],{"class":121,"line":837},[119,1850,636],{"class":125},[119,1852,561],{"class":560},[119,1854,792],{"class":148},[119,1856,1857],{"class":121,"line":842},[119,1858,649],{"class":148},[15,1860,1861,971],{},[968,1862,970],{},[110,1864,1867],{"className":1865,"code":1866,"language":977},[975],"Name: Alice\nAge: 20\nNickname: Ali\nScore: 95\n---\nName: Bob\nAge: 22\nNickname: (none)\nScore: -1\n---\n",[26,1868,1866],{"__ignoreMap":115},[10,1870,1872],{"id":1871},"runtime-results","runtime results",[15,1874,1875],{},"See the \"running results\" for each example above.",[10,1877,1879],{"id":1878},"key-syntax-explanation-in-the-example","Key syntax explanation in the example",[15,1881,1882],{},"|Here is the translation of the provided Simplified Chinese Markdown fragment into natural American English, following all specified rules.",[1884,1885],"hr",{},[331,1887,1888,1909],{},[334,1889,1890],{},[337,1891,1892,1897,1900,1903,1906],{},[340,1893,1894],{"align":342},[968,1895,1896],{},"Example",[340,1898,1899],{"align":342},"Discusses what",[340,1901,1902],{"align":342},"Newly emerged syntax",[340,1904,1905],{"align":342},"Why write it this way",[340,1907,1908],{"align":342},"Precautions",[348,1910,1911,1945,1969],{},[337,1912,1913,1916,1919,1937,1940],{},[353,1914,1915],{"align":342},"Example 1",[353,1917,1918],{"align":342},"optionally return search results",[353,1920,1921,1924,1925,1928,1929,1928,1932,1928,1934],{"align":342},[26,1922,1923],{},"return i;"," \u002F ",[26,1926,1927],{},"return std::nullopt;","、",[26,1930,1931],{},"if(opt)",[26,1933,381],{},[26,1935,1936],{},"value_or()",[353,1938,1939],{"align":342},"Optional makes \"no value\" a normal return, providing clear semantics.",[353,1941,1942,1943],{"align":342},"Ensure there is a value before dereferencing ",[26,1944,381],{},[337,1946,1947,1950,1953,1959,1962],{},[353,1948,1949],{"align":342},"Example 2",[353,1951,1952],{"align":342},"optional indicates conversion failure",[353,1954,1955,1958],{"align":342},[26,1956,1957],{},"try\u002Fcatch"," packaging + optional",[353,1960,1961],{"align":342},"Converting exceptions to empty optionals makes it easier for callers to handle.",[353,1963,1964,1965,1968],{"align":342},"You can also use ",[26,1966,1967],{},"std::from_chars"," (C++17) more efficiently.",[337,1970,1971,1974,1977,1983,1986],{},[353,1972,1973],{"align":342},"Example 3",[353,1975,1976],{"align":342},"optional as a member variable",[353,1978,1979,1982],{"align":342},[26,1980,1981],{},"std::optional\u003Cstd::string>"," member",[353,1984,1985],{"align":342},"\"optional fields\" is clearer than using magic values (like -1).",[353,1987,1988],{"align":342},"optional itself occupies extra space (the size of T + bool + padding)",[10,1990,1992],{"id":1991},"optional-is-suitable-for-might-not-exist-but-not-for-error-details-are-many","\"Optional\" is suitable for \"might not exist\" but not for \"error details are many.\"",[15,1994,1995,1997],{},[26,1996,474],{}," indicates that: this value may exist or may not. It doesn’t explain “why it failed.”",[331,1999,2000,2010],{},[334,2001,2002],{},[337,2003,2004,2007],{},[340,2005,2006],{"align":342},"Scene",[340,2008,2009],{"align":342},"Recommendation",[348,2011,2012,2022,2031,2044,2055],{},[337,2013,2014,2017],{},[353,2015,2016],{"align":342},"Look up the name, it might not be found.",[353,2018,2019],{"align":342},[26,2020,2021],{},"std::optional\u003Csize_t>",[337,2023,2024,2027],{},[353,2025,2026],{"align":342},"The configuration items may not have been filled in.",[353,2028,2029],{"align":342},[26,2030,1981],{},[337,2032,2033,2039],{},[353,2034,2035,2038],{"align":342},[968,2036,2037],{},"I18N_PROTECTED_0"," Converting strings to numbers, only caring about whether it succeeds.",[353,2040,2041],{"align":342},[26,2042,2043],{},"std::optional\u003Cint>",[337,2045,2046,2049],{},[353,2047,2048],{"align":342},"Failed to open the file; this could be due to incorrect permissions, incorrect path, or format errors.",[353,2050,2051,2052],{"align":342},"Error codes, exceptions, or tools like ",[26,2053,2054],{},"expected",[337,2056,2057,2060],{},[353,2058,2059],{"align":342},"Network request failed, needs error type and error message",[353,2061,2062],{"align":342},"Error object, don't just use optional.",[420,2064,2066],{"id":2065},"example-4-the-difference-between-optional-and-error-messages","Example 4: The Difference Between Optional and Error Messages",[110,2068,2070],{"className":112,"code":2069,"language":114,"meta":115,"style":115},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Coptional>\n#include \u003Cstring>\n\n\u002F\u002F optional 表示“可能有值，也可能没有值”的结果。\nstd::optional\u003Cint> parse_port_simple(const std::string& text)\n{\n    try\n    {\n        int port = std::stoi(text);\n        if (port >= 0 && port \u003C= 65535)\n        {\n            return port;\n        }\n    }\n    catch (...) {}\n    return std::nullopt;\n}\n\nstruct ParseResult\n{\n    bool ok;\n    int value;\n    std::string error;\n};\n\nParseResult parse_port_with_error(const std::string& text)\n{\n    try\n    {\n        int port = std::stoi(text);\n        if (port \u003C 0 || port > 65535)\n        {\n            return {false, 0, \"port out of range\"};\n        }\n        return {true, port, \"\"};\n    }\n    catch (...)\n    {\n        return {false, 0, \"not a number\"};\n    }\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n    \u002F\u002F 程序从 main 函数开始执行，下面的语句会按顺序运行。\n    auto simple = parse_port_simple(\"70000\");\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C \"simple ok? \" \u003C\u003C (simple ? \"yes\" : \"no\") \u003C\u003C \"\\n\";\n\n    auto detailed = parse_port_with_error(\"70000\");\n    if (!detailed.ok)\n    {\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C \"error: \" \u003C\u003C detailed.error \u003C\u003C \"\\n\";\n    }\n\n    return 0;\n}\n",[26,2071,2072,2078,2084,2090,2094,2099,2133,2137,2141,2145,2163,2188,2192,2199,2203,2207,2213,2221,2225,2229,2236,2240,2248,2255,2262,2266,2270,2294,2298,2302,2306,2322,2343,2347,2368,2372,2390,2394,2401,2405,2424,2428,2433,2438,2447,2452,2458,2478,2519,2524,2542,2554,2559,2586,2591,2596,2605],{"__ignoreMap":115},[119,2073,2074,2076],{"class":121,"line":122},[119,2075,126],{"class":125},[119,2077,435],{"class":129},[119,2079,2080,2082],{"class":121,"line":167},[119,2081,126],{"class":125},[119,2083,130],{"class":129},[119,2085,2086,2088],{"class":121,"line":192},[119,2087,126],{"class":125},[119,2089,448],{"class":129},[119,2091,2092],{"class":121,"line":218},[119,2093,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,2095,2096],{"class":121,"line":225},[119,2097,2098],{"class":163},"\u002F\u002F optional 表示“可能有值，也可能没有值”的结果。\n",[119,2100,2101,2103,2105,2107,2109,2111,2113,2116,2118,2120,2122,2124,2126,2128,2131],{"class":121,"line":231},[119,2102,145],{"class":144},[119,2104,471],{"class":148},[119,2106,474],{"class":144},[119,2108,152],{"class":148},[119,2110,660],{"class":125},[119,2112,482],{"class":148},[119,2114,2115],{"class":144},"parse_port_simple",[119,2117,316],{"class":148},[119,2119,490],{"class":125},[119,2121,209],{"class":144},[119,2123,471],{"class":148},[119,2125,506],{"class":144},[119,2127,511],{"class":125},[119,2129,2130],{"class":514}," text",[119,2132,537],{"class":148},[119,2134,2135],{"class":121,"line":246},[119,2136,542],{"class":148},[119,2138,2139],{"class":121,"line":257},[119,2140,1058],{"class":125},[119,2142,2143],{"class":121,"line":262},[119,2144,586],{"class":148},[119,2146,2147,2149,2152,2154,2156,2158,2160],{"class":121,"line":268},[119,2148,1075],{"class":125},[119,2150,2151],{"class":148}," port ",[119,2153,183],{"class":125},[119,2155,209],{"class":144},[119,2157,471],{"class":148},[119,2159,1087],{"class":144},[119,2161,2162],{"class":148},"(text);\n",[119,2164,2165,2167,2170,2173,2175,2178,2180,2183,2186],{"class":121,"line":288},[119,2166,591],{"class":125},[119,2168,2169],{"class":148}," (port ",[119,2171,2172],{"class":125},">=",[119,2174,561],{"class":560},[119,2176,2177],{"class":125}," &&",[119,2179,2151],{"class":148},[119,2181,2182],{"class":125},"\u003C=",[119,2184,2185],{"class":560}," 65535",[119,2187,537],{"class":148},[119,2189,2190],{"class":121,"line":304},[119,2191,606],{"class":148},[119,2193,2194,2196],{"class":121,"line":603},[119,2195,612],{"class":125},[119,2197,2198],{"class":148}," port;\n",[119,2200,2201],{"class":121,"line":609},[119,2202,624],{"class":148},[119,2204,2205],{"class":121,"line":621},[119,2206,630],{"class":148},[119,2208,2209,2211],{"class":121,"line":627},[119,2210,1139],{"class":125},[119,2212,1142],{"class":148},[119,2214,2215,2217,2219],{"class":121,"line":633},[119,2216,636],{"class":125},[119,2218,209],{"class":144},[119,2220,1151],{"class":148},[119,2222,2223],{"class":121,"line":646},[119,2224,649],{"class":148},[119,2226,2227],{"class":121,"line":652},[119,2228,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,2230,2231,2233],{"class":121,"line":657},[119,2232,1513],{"class":125},[119,2234,2235],{"class":144}," ParseResult\n",[119,2237,2238],{"class":121,"line":669},[119,2239,542],{"class":148},[119,2241,2242,2245],{"class":121,"line":674},[119,2243,2244],{"class":125},"    bool",[119,2246,2247],{"class":148}," ok;\n",[119,2249,2250,2252],{"class":121,"line":717},[119,2251,1532],{"class":125},[119,2253,2254],{"class":148}," value;\n",[119,2256,2257,2259],{"class":121,"line":722},[119,2258,677],{"class":144},[119,2260,2261],{"class":148},"::string error;\n",[119,2263,2264],{"class":121,"line":744},[119,2265,714],{"class":148},[119,2267,2268],{"class":121,"line":753},[119,2269,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,2271,2272,2275,2278,2280,2282,2284,2286,2288,2290,2292],{"class":121,"line":758},[119,2273,2274],{"class":144},"ParseResult",[119,2276,2277],{"class":144}," parse_port_with_error",[119,2279,316],{"class":148},[119,2281,490],{"class":125},[119,2283,209],{"class":144},[119,2285,471],{"class":148},[119,2287,506],{"class":144},[119,2289,511],{"class":125},[119,2291,2130],{"class":514},[119,2293,537],{"class":148},[119,2295,2296],{"class":121,"line":795},[119,2297,542],{"class":148},[119,2299,2300],{"class":121,"line":800},[119,2301,1058],{"class":125},[119,2303,2304],{"class":121,"line":805},[119,2305,586],{"class":148},[119,2307,2308,2310,2312,2314,2316,2318,2320],{"class":121,"line":824},[119,2309,1075],{"class":125},[119,2311,2151],{"class":148},[119,2313,183],{"class":125},[119,2315,209],{"class":144},[119,2317,471],{"class":148},[119,2319,1087],{"class":144},[119,2321,2162],{"class":148},[119,2323,2324,2326,2328,2330,2332,2335,2337,2339,2341],{"class":121,"line":837},[119,2325,591],{"class":125},[119,2327,2169],{"class":148},[119,2329,152],{"class":125},[119,2331,561],{"class":560},[119,2333,2334],{"class":125}," ||",[119,2336,2151],{"class":148},[119,2338,157],{"class":125},[119,2340,2185],{"class":560},[119,2342,537],{"class":148},[119,2344,2345],{"class":121,"line":842},[119,2346,606],{"class":148},[119,2348,2349,2351,2353,2356,2358,2361,2363,2366],{"class":121,"line":860},[119,2350,612],{"class":125},[119,2352,697],{"class":148},[119,2354,2355],{"class":560},"false",[119,2357,703],{"class":148},[119,2359,2360],{"class":560},"0",[119,2362,703],{"class":148},[119,2364,2365],{"class":129},"\"port out of range\"",[119,2367,714],{"class":148},[119,2369,2370],{"class":121,"line":865},[119,2371,624],{"class":148},[119,2373,2374,2377,2379,2382,2385,2388],{"class":121,"line":870},[119,2375,2376],{"class":125},"        return",[119,2378,697],{"class":148},[119,2380,2381],{"class":560},"true",[119,2383,2384],{"class":148},", port, ",[119,2386,2387],{"class":129},"\"\"",[119,2389,714],{"class":148},[119,2391,2392],{"class":121,"line":876},[119,2393,630],{"class":148},[119,2395,2396,2398],{"class":121,"line":913},[119,2397,1139],{"class":125},[119,2399,2400],{"class":148}," (...)\n",[119,2402,2403],{"class":121,"line":948},[119,2404,586],{"class":148},[119,2406,2407,2409,2411,2413,2415,2417,2419,2422],{"class":121,"line":953},[119,2408,2376],{"class":125},[119,2410,697],{"class":148},[119,2412,2355],{"class":560},[119,2414,703],{"class":148},[119,2416,2360],{"class":560},[119,2418,703],{"class":148},[119,2420,2421],{"class":129},"\"not a number\"",[119,2423,714],{"class":148},[119,2425,2426],{"class":121,"line":962},[119,2427,630],{"class":148},[119,2429,2431],{"class":121,"line":2430},42,[119,2432,649],{"class":148},[119,2434,2436],{"class":121,"line":2435},43,[119,2437,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,2439,2441,2443,2445],{"class":121,"line":2440},44,[119,2442,660],{"class":125},[119,2444,663],{"class":144},[119,2446,666],{"class":148},[119,2448,2450],{"class":121,"line":2449},45,[119,2451,542],{"class":148},[119,2453,2455],{"class":121,"line":2454},46,[119,2456,2457],{"class":163},"    \u002F\u002F 程序从 main 函数开始执行，下面的语句会按顺序运行。\n",[119,2459,2461,2463,2466,2468,2471,2473,2476],{"class":121,"line":2460},47,[119,2462,725],{"class":125},[119,2464,2465],{"class":148}," simple ",[119,2467,183],{"class":125},[119,2469,2470],{"class":144}," parse_port_simple",[119,2472,316],{"class":148},[119,2474,2475],{"class":129},"\"70000\"",[119,2477,741],{"class":148},[119,2479,2481,2483,2485,2487,2490,2492,2495,2498,2501,2504,2507,2509,2511,2513,2515,2517],{"class":121,"line":2480},48,[119,2482,677],{"class":144},[119,2484,764],{"class":148},[119,2486,767],{"class":125},[119,2488,2489],{"class":129}," \"simple ok? \"",[119,2491,773],{"class":125},[119,2493,2494],{"class":148}," (simple ",[119,2496,2497],{"class":125},"?",[119,2499,2500],{"class":129}," \"yes\"",[119,2502,2503],{"class":125}," :",[119,2505,2506],{"class":129}," \"no\"",[119,2508,900],{"class":148},[119,2510,767],{"class":125},[119,2512,783],{"class":129},[119,2514,786],{"class":560},[119,2516,789],{"class":129},[119,2518,792],{"class":148},[119,2520,2522],{"class":121,"line":2521},49,[119,2523,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,2525,2527,2529,2532,2534,2536,2538,2540],{"class":121,"line":2526},50,[119,2528,725],{"class":125},[119,2530,2531],{"class":148}," detailed ",[119,2533,183],{"class":125},[119,2535,2277],{"class":144},[119,2537,316],{"class":148},[119,2539,2475],{"class":129},[119,2541,741],{"class":148},[119,2543,2545,2547,2549,2551],{"class":121,"line":2544},51,[119,2546,747],{"class":125},[119,2548,550],{"class":148},[119,2550,831],{"class":125},[119,2552,2553],{"class":148},"detailed.ok)\n",[119,2555,2557],{"class":121,"line":2556},52,[119,2558,586],{"class":148},[119,2560,2562,2564,2566,2568,2571,2573,2576,2578,2580,2582,2584],{"class":121,"line":2561},53,[119,2563,761],{"class":144},[119,2565,764],{"class":148},[119,2567,767],{"class":125},[119,2569,2570],{"class":129}," \"error: \"",[119,2572,773],{"class":125},[119,2574,2575],{"class":148}," detailed.error ",[119,2577,767],{"class":125},[119,2579,783],{"class":129},[119,2581,786],{"class":560},[119,2583,789],{"class":129},[119,2585,792],{"class":148},[119,2587,2589],{"class":121,"line":2588},54,[119,2590,630],{"class":148},[119,2592,2594],{"class":121,"line":2593},55,[119,2595,222],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":221},[119,2597,2599,2601,2603],{"class":121,"line":2598},56,[119,2600,636],{"class":125},[119,2602,561],{"class":560},[119,2604,792],{"class":148},[119,2606,2608],{"class":121,"line":2607},57,[119,2609,649],{"class":148},[15,2611,2612,971],{},[968,2613,970],{},[110,2615,2618],{"className":2616,"code":2617,"language":977},[975],"simple ok? no\nerror: port out of range\n",[26,2619,2617],{"__ignoreMap":115},[15,2621,2622,2623,2625,2626,2628],{},"If the caller only cares about \"whether there's a value,\" ",[26,2624,474],{}," is suitable; if the caller needs to know the reason for failure, a standalone ",[26,2627,474],{}," isn't sufficient.",[10,2630,2632],{"id":2631},"common-errors","Common Errors",[15,2634,2635],{},[968,2636,2637,2638],{},"Error 1: No check performed directly ",[26,2639,381],{},[110,2641,2643],{"className":112,"code":2642,"language":114,"meta":115,"style":115},"std::optional\u003Cint> opt;\nstd::cout \u003C\u003C *opt;  \u002F\u002F ❌ 未定义行为！opt 为空\n",[26,2644,2645,2656],{"__ignoreMap":115},[119,2646,2647,2649,2651,2653],{"class":121,"line":122},[119,2648,145],{"class":144},[119,2650,149],{"class":148},[119,2652,1564],{"class":125},[119,2654,2655],{"class":148}," opt;\n",[119,2657,2658,2660,2662,2664,2666,2668],{"class":121,"line":167},[119,2659,145],{"class":144},[119,2661,764],{"class":148},[119,2663,767],{"class":125},[119,2665,295],{"class":125},[119,2667,298],{"class":148},[119,2669,2670],{"class":163},"  \u002F\u002F ❌ 未定义行为！opt 为空\n",[15,2672,2673],{},"Correct approach: First perform a microcontroller check, or use the environment setup.",[15,2675,2676],{},[968,2677,2678,2679,2682,2683],{},"Error 2: Confusing ",[26,2680,2681],{},"std::nullopt"," with ",[26,2684,65],{},[110,2686,2688],{"className":112,"code":2687,"language":114,"meta":115,"style":115},"std::optional\u003Cint> opt = nullptr;  \u002F\u002F ❌ 编译错误！应该用 std::nullopt\n",[26,2689,2690],{"__ignoreMap":115},[119,2691,2692,2694,2696,2698,2700,2702,2705,2708],{"class":121,"line":122},[119,2693,145],{"class":144},[119,2695,149],{"class":148},[119,2697,1564],{"class":125},[119,2699,180],{"class":148},[119,2701,183],{"class":125},[119,2703,2704],{"class":560}," nullptr",[119,2706,2707],{"class":148},";",[119,2709,2710],{"class":163},"  \u002F\u002F ❌ 编译错误！应该用 std::nullopt\n",[15,2712,2713,2714],{},"Correct approach: ",[26,2715,2716],{},"opt = std::nullopt;",[15,2718,2719],{},[968,2720,2721,2722,2725],{},"Error 3: Forgetting ",[26,2723,2724],{},"value()"," will throw an exception when no value is present.",[110,2727,2729],{"className":112,"code":2728,"language":114,"meta":115,"style":115},"std::optional\u003Cint> opt;\nstd::cout \u003C\u003C opt.value();  \u002F\u002F ❌ 抛出 std::bad_optional_access\n",[26,2730,2731,2741],{"__ignoreMap":115},[119,2732,2733,2735,2737,2739],{"class":121,"line":122},[119,2734,145],{"class":144},[119,2736,149],{"class":148},[119,2738,1564],{"class":125},[119,2740,2655],{"class":148},[119,2742,2743,2745,2747,2749,2751,2753,2755],{"class":121,"line":167},[119,2744,145],{"class":144},[119,2746,764],{"class":148},[119,2748,767],{"class":125},[119,2750,276],{"class":148},[119,2752,279],{"class":144},[119,2754,282],{"class":148},[119,2756,2757],{"class":163},"  \u002F\u002F ❌ 抛出 std::bad_optional_access\n",[15,2759,2760,2761,2764],{},"The correct approach is to use ",[26,2762,2763],{},"value_or(default)"," or check first.",[10,2766,2767],{"id":2767},"使用建议",[19,2769,2770,2773,2776,2779,2782],{},[22,2771,2772],{},"明确目标：在开始前确定您的具体需求，以便选择最合适的工具或教程。",[22,2774,2775],{},"充分利用资源：参考官方文档、教程和博客，这些资料能帮助您快速上手并解决问题。",[22,2777,2778],{},"实践应用：通过动手操作项目或编写代码来巩固学习成果，提升实际操作能力。",[22,2780,2781],{},"问题解决：遇到困难时，查阅参考资料或寻求社区支持，逐步培养独立解决问题的能力。",[22,2783,2784],{},"分享经验：完成项目后，可以撰写文章或博客分享心得，帮助其他学习者。",[15,2786,2787],{},"如果需要针对特定领域（如单片机、机器人或环境搭建）的进一步建议，请提供更多信息，我将为您细化内容。",[2789,2790,2791,2799,2808,2822,2834,2851],"ol",{},[22,2792,2793,2798],{},[968,2794,2795,2796],{},"Functions that may \"have no result\" should return ",[26,2797,83],{},": safer than returning -1\u002Fnullptr.",[22,2800,2801,2804,2805,2807],{},[968,2802,2803],{},"Optional fields in structs",": Using ",[26,2806,474],{}," is more semantically clear than magic numbers.",[22,2809,2810,2818,2819,2821],{},[968,2811,2812,2813,2815,2816],{},"Default to ",[26,2814,1936],{}," instead of ",[26,2817,381],{},": ",[26,2820,1936],{}," is safer.",[22,2823,2824,2829,2830,2833],{},[968,2825,2826,2828],{},[26,2827,5],{}," has extra space overhead",": equivalent to ",[26,2831,2832],{},"sizeof(T) + sizeof(bool) + padding",", minimal impact on small objects.",[22,2835,2836,2818,2841,703,2844,703,2847,2850],{},[968,2837,2838,2839],{},"C++23 introduces monadic operations for ",[26,2840,5],{},[26,2842,2843],{},".and_then()",[26,2845,2846],{},".transform()",[26,2848,2849],{},".or_else()",", making chained calls more elegant.",[22,2852,2853,2856],{},[968,2854,2855],{},"When error details are needed, don't just use optional",": optional only indicates whether a value exists, not why it doesn't.",[10,2858,2860],{"id":2859},"summary","Summary",[19,2862,2863,2871,2874,2886],{},[22,2864,2865,2867,2868,2870],{},[26,2866,83],{}," either contains a ",[26,2869,96],{}," or is empty.",[22,2872,2873],{},"Resolved the \"possibly no result\" semantic issue for the function, replacing magic values.",[22,2875,2876,2877,62,2880,2882,2883,2885],{},"Use ",[26,2878,2879],{},"has_value()",[26,2881,1931],{}," for checking, and use ",[26,2884,2763],{}," to safely get the value.",[22,2887,2888],{},"Can be used for function return values, struct members, and function parameters (though using optional for parameters is not recommended).",[2890,2891,2892],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .szBVR, html code.shiki .szBVR{--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sZZnC, html code.shiki .sZZnC{--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: 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