第 13.4 節

Friends and operator overloading

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friend function

In life, your home has a living room (Public) and your own bedroom (Private).

All the guests in the living room can go in, but your bedroom is private, meaning only you can enter.

But hey, you can also let your besties and buddies in.

In programs, when you need to allow certain special functions or classes outside a class to access its private attributes, you need to use the friend mechanism.

The purpose of a friend is to allow a function or class to access the private members of another class.

The keyword for friend is ==friend==

Three implementations of friend

Making a global function a friend
friend class
Member function as friend

Making a global function a friend

class Building
{
    //告诉编译器 goodGay全局函数 是 Building类的好朋友，可以访问类中的私有内容
    friend void goodGay(Building * building);

public:

    Building()
    {
        this->m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
        this->m_BedRoom = "卧室";
    }

public:
    string m_SittingRoom; //客厅

private:
    string m_BedRoom; //卧室
};

void goodGay(Building * building)
{
    cout << "好基友正在访问： " << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
    cout << "好基友正在访问： " << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}

void test01()
{
    Building b;
    goodGay(&b);
}

int main(){

    test01();

    return 0;
}

Running/Observing the results: After running, the example will print variable values or addresses; address values depend on the runtime environment, so focus on observing the relative positioning and pointer changes of similar objects.

friend class

class Building;
class goodGay
{
public:

    goodGay();
    void visit();

private:
    Building *building;
};

class Building
{
    //告诉编译器 goodGay类是Building类的好朋友，可以访问到Building类中私有内容
    friend class goodGay;

public:
    Building();

public:
    string m_SittingRoom; //客厅
private:
    string m_BedRoom;//卧室
};

Building::Building()
{
    this->m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
    this->m_BedRoom = "卧室";
}

goodGay::goodGay()
{
    building = new Building;
}

void goodGay::visit()
{
    cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
    cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}

void test01()
{
    goodGay gg;
    gg.visit();

}

int main(){

    test01();

    return 0;
}

Member function as friend


class Building;
class goodGay
{
public:

    goodGay();
    void visit(); //只让visit函数作为Building的好朋友，可以发访问Building中私有内容
    void visit2(); 

private:
    Building *building;
};

class Building
{
    //告诉编译器  goodGay类中的visit成员函数 是Building好朋友，可以访问私有内容
    friend void goodGay::visit();

public:
    Building();

public:
    string m_SittingRoom; //客厅
private:
    string m_BedRoom;//卧室
};

Building::Building()
{
    this->m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
    this->m_BedRoom = "卧室";
}

goodGay::goodGay()
{
    building = new Building;
}

void goodGay::visit()
{
    cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
    cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}

void goodGay::visit2()
{
    cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
    //cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}

void test01()
{
    goodGay  gg;
    gg.visit();

}

int main(){
    
    test01();

    return 0;
}

Operator overloading

The concept of operator overloading involves redefining existing operators to赋予他们另一种功能，使其适应 different data types.

Operator overloading

Purpose: to implement addition operations for two custom data types.

class Person {
public:
    Person() {};
    Person(int a, int b)
    {
        this->m_A = a;
        this->m_B = b;
    }
    //成员函数实现 + 号运算符重载
    Person operator+(const Person& p) {
        Person temp;
        temp.m_A = this->m_A + p.m_A;
        temp.m_B = this->m_B + p.m_B;
        return temp;
    }

public:
    int m_A;
    int m_B;
};

//全局函数实现 + 号运算符重载
//Person operator+(const Person& p1, const Person& p2) {
//  Person temp(0, 0);
//  temp.m_A = p1.m_A + p2.m_A;
//  temp.m_B = p1.m_B + p2.m_B;
//  return temp;
//}

//运算符重载 可以发生函数重载 
Person operator+(const Person& p2, int val)  
{
    Person temp;
    temp.m_A = p2.m_A + val;
    temp.m_B = p2.m_B + val;
    return temp;
}

void test() {

    Person p1(10, 10);
    Person p2(20, 20);

    //成员函数方式
    Person p3 = p2 + p1;  //相当于 p2.operaor+(p1)
    cout << "mA:" << p3.m_A << " mB:" << p3.m_B << endl;

    Person p4 = p3 + 10; //相当于 operator+(p3,10)
    cout << "mA:" << p4.m_A << " mB:" << p4.m_B << endl;

}

int main() {

    test();


    return 0;
}

Summary 1: For expressions of built-in data types, the operator cannot be changed.

Summary 2: Don’t Overuse Operator Overloading

Overloading the left shift operator

Function: can output custom data types.

class Person {
    friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p);

public:

    Person(int a, int b)
    {
        this->m_A = a;
        this->m_B = b;
    }

    //成员函数 实现不了  p << cout 不是我们想要的效果
    //void operator<<(Person& p){
    //}

private:
    int m_A;
    int m_B;
};

//全局函数实现左移重载
//ostream对象只能有一个
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p) {
    out << "a:" << p.m_A << " b:" << p.m_B;
    return out;
}

void test() {

    Person p1(10, 20);

    cout << p1 << "hello world" << endl; //链式编程
}

int main() {

    test();


    return 0;
}

Summary: Overloading the left shift operator in conjunction with friend functions enables the output of custom data types.

increment operator overloading

Purpose: Implement custom integer data type by overloading increment operator


class MyInteger {

    friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, MyInteger myint);

public:
    MyInteger() {
        m_Num = 0;
    }
    //前置++
    MyInteger& operator++() {
        //先++
        m_Num++;
        //再返回
        return *this;
    }

    //后置++
    MyInteger operator++(int) {
        //先返回
        MyInteger temp = *this; //记录当前本身的值，然后让本身的值加1，但是返回的是以前的值，达到先返回后++；
        m_Num++;
        return temp;
    }

private:
    int m_Num;
};

ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, MyInteger myint) {
    out << myint.m_Num;
    return out;
}

//前置++ 先++ 再返回
void test01() {
    MyInteger myInt;
    cout << ++myInt << endl;
    cout << myInt << endl;
}

//后置++ 先返回 再++
void test02() {

    MyInteger myInt;
    cout << myInt++ << endl;
    cout << myInt << endl;
}

int main() {

    test01();
    //test02();


    return 0;
}

Summary: Prefix increment returns a reference, postfix increment returns a value.

Assignment Operator Overloading

C++ compilers automatically add at least four functions to a class:

Default constructor
Copy constructor
Copy assignment operator
Destructor
Default constructor (no parameters, empty function body)
Default destructor (no parameters, empty body)
The default copy constructor performs value copy on attributes.
Assignment operator operator= performs value copies of attributes.

When a class contains attributes that point to the heap, deep/shallow copy issues may also arise during assignment operations.

Example:

class Person
{
public:

    Person(int age)
    {
        //将年龄数据开辟到堆区
        m_Age = new int(age);
    }

    //重载赋值运算符 
    Person& operator=(Person &p)
    {
        if (m_Age != NULL)
        {
            delete m_Age;
            m_Age = NULL;
        }
        //编译器提供的代码是浅拷贝
        //m_Age = p.m_Age;

        //提供深拷贝 解决浅拷贝的问题
        m_Age = new int(*p.m_Age);

        //返回自身
        return *this;
    }

    ~Person()
    {
        if (m_Age != NULL)
        {
            delete m_Age;
            m_Age = NULL;
        }
    }

    //年龄的指针
    int *m_Age;

};

void test01()
{
    Person p1(18);

    Person p2(20);

    Person p3(30);

    p3 = p2 = p1; //赋值操作

    cout << "p1的年龄为：" << *p1.m_Age << endl;

    cout << "p2的年龄为：" << *p2.m_Age << endl;

    cout << "p3的年龄为：" << *p3.m_Age << endl;
}

int main() {

    test01();

    //int a = 10;
    //int b = 20;
    //int c = 30;

    //c = b = a;
    //cout << "a = " << a << endl;
    //cout << "b = " << b << endl;
    //cout << "c = " << c << endl;


    return 0;
}

overloading relational operators

Purpose: Overloading relational operators allows comparison operations between two custom type objects.

Example:

class Person
{
public:
    Person(string name, int age)
    {
        this->m_Name = name;
        this->m_Age = age;
    };

    bool operator==(Person & p)
    {
        if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
        {
            return true;
        }
        else
        {
            return false;
        }
    }

    bool operator!=(Person & p)
    {
        if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
        {
            return false;
        }
        else
        {
            return true;
        }
    }

    string m_Name;
    int m_Age;
};

void test01()
{
    //int a = 0;
    //int b = 0;

    Person a("孙悟空", 18);
    Person b("孙悟空", 18);

    if (a == b)
    {
        cout << "a和b相等" << endl;
    }
    else
    {
        cout << "a和b不相等" << endl;
    }

    if (a != b)
    {
        cout << "a和b不相等" << endl;
    }
    else
    {
        cout << "a和b相等" << endl;
    }
}

int main() {

    test01();


    return 0;
}

Function call operator overloading

The function call operator () can also be overloaded.
Because the way the overloaded operator is used closely resembles a function call, it is called a functor.
Functors have no fixed syntax and are very flexible.

Example:

class MyPrint
{
public:
    void operator()(string text)
    {
        cout << text << endl;
    }

};
void test01()
{
    //重载的（）操作符 也称为仿函数
    MyPrint myFunc;
    myFunc("hello world");
}

class MyAdd
{
public:
    int operator()(int v1, int v2)
    {
        return v1 + v2;
    }
};

void test02()
{
    MyAdd add;
    int ret = add(10, 10);
    cout << "ret = " << ret << endl;

    //匿名对象调用  
    cout << "MyAdd()(100,100) = " << MyAdd()(100, 100) << endl;
}

int main() {

    test01();
    test02();


    return 0;
}

Running/Observation Results: After running, the corresponding content will be printed according to the output statements. The variable values can be inferred based on the order of initialization, assignment, and function calls.