第 11 節

reference

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reference

Basic usage of citations

**作用： **to alias a variable

Syntax: 数据类型 &别名 = 原名

Example:

int main() {
    // 程序从 main 函数开始执行，下面的语句会按顺序运行。

    int a = 10;
    int &b = a;

    cout << "a = " << a << endl;
    cout << "b = " << b << endl;

    b = 100;

    cout << "a = " << a << endl;
    cout << "b = " << b << endl;


    // 返回 0 表示程序正常结束。
    return 0;
}

Running/Observing the results: After running, the example will print variable values or addresses; address values depend on the runtime environment, so focus on observing the relative positioning and pointer changes of similar objects.

References and Precautions

References must be initialized.
A reference cannot be changed after initialization.

Example:

int main() {

    int a = 10;
    int b = 20;
    //int &c; //错误，引用必须初始化
    int &c = a; //一旦初始化后，就不可以更改
    c = b; //这是赋值操作，不是更改引用

    cout << "a = " << a << endl;
    cout << "b = " << b << endl;
    cout << "c = " << c << endl;


    return 0;
}

Using references as function parameters.

Purpose: When passing parameters to a function, the use of reference technology allows formal parameters to modify actual parameters.

Advantages: Simplify pointer modification of actual parameters

Example:

//1. 值传递
void mySwap01(int a, int b) {
    int temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}

//2. 地址传递
void mySwap02(int* a, int* b) {
    int temp = *a;
    *a = *b;
    *b = temp;
}

//3. 引用传递
void mySwap03(int& a, int& b) {
    int temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}

int main() {

    int a = 10;
    int b = 20;

    mySwap01(a, b);
    cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;

    mySwap02(&a, &b);
    cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;

    mySwap03(a, b);
    cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;


    return 0;
}

Summary: Using reference parameters produces the same effect as pass-by-address, but the syntax for references is clearer and simpler.

Reference as function return value

A reference can serve as the return value of a function. This allows a function to directly return an alias to an object, which can be both efficient and useful for modifying the original object. However, it's crucial to ensure the referenced object remains valid beyond the function's scope, and returning a reference to a local variable is typically unsafe.

Note: Do not return local variable references

Usage: function call as lvalue

Example:

//返回局部变量引用
int& test01() {
    int a = 10; //局部变量
    return a;
}

//返回静态变量引用
int& test02() {
    static int a = 20;
    return a;
}

int main() {

    //不能返回局部变量的引用
    int& ref = test01();
    cout << "ref = " << ref << endl;
    cout << "ref = " << ref << endl;

    //如果函数做左值，那么必须返回引用
    int& ref2 = test02();
    cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;
    cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;

    test02() = 1000;

    cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;
    cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;


    return 0;
}

Running/Observation Results: After running, the corresponding content will be printed according to the output statements. The variable values can be inferred based on the order of initialization, assignment, and function calls.

The Essence of References

Essentially: The nature of references is that they are implemented internally in C++ as pointer constants.

Tutorial Example:

//发现是引用，转换为 int* const ref = &a;
void func(int& ref){
    ref = 100; // ref是引用，转换为*ref = 100
}
int main(){
    int a = 10;
    
    //自动转换为 int* const ref = &a; 指针常量是指针指向不可改，也说明为什么引用不可更改
    int& ref = a; 
    ref = 20; //内部发现ref是引用，自动帮我们转换为: *ref = 20;
    
    cout << "a:" << a << endl;
    cout << "ref:" << ref << endl;
    
    func(a);
    return 0;
}

Conclusion: References are recommended in C++ for more convenient syntax. References are essentially constant pointers, but the compiler handles all pointer operations for us.

Constant reference

Purpose: Constant references are mainly used to decorate parameters to prevent accidental modifications.

In a function's parameter list, you can add the ==const modifier to parameters to prevent the parameter from modifying the argument passed to it.

Example:

//引用使用的场景，通常用来修饰形参
void showValue(const int& v) {
    //v += 10;
    cout << v << endl;
}

int main() {

    //int& ref = 10;  引用本身需要一个合法的内存空间，因此这行错误
    //加入const就可以了，编译器优化代码，int temp = 10; const int& ref = temp;
    const int& ref = 10;

    //ref = 100;  //加入const后不可以修改变量
    cout << ref << endl;

    //函数中利用常量引用防止误操作修改实参
    int a = 10;
    showValue(a);


    return 0;
}