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Polymorphism

About 9 min read

Existing English translations were reused. 2 current source blocks remain in Simplified Chinese, without triggering paid translation.

1.Polymorphism

1.1.Basic concepts of polymorphism

Polymorphism is C++ one of the three major features of object-oriented programming.

Polymorphism is divided into two types:

  • Static polymorphism: Function overloading and operator overloading belong to static polymorphism, reusing function names.
  • Dynamic polymorphism: Derived classes and virtual functions implement runtime polymorphism.

Difference between static polymorphism and dynamic polymorphism:

  • The function address of static polymorphism is bound early - the function address is determined at the compilation stage
  • The function address of dynamic polymorphism is bound late - the function address is determined at the runtime stage

The following uses a case to explain polymorphism.

class Animal
{
public:
	//Speak函数就是虚函数
	//函数前面加上virtual关键字，变成虚函数，那么编译器在编译的时候就不能确定函数调用了。
	virtual void speak()
	{
		cout << "动物在说话" << endl;
	}
};

class Cat :public Animal
{
public:
	void speak()
	{
		cout << "小猫在说话" << endl;
	}
};

class Dog :public Animal
{
public:

	void speak()
	{
		cout << "小狗在说话" << endl;
	}

};
//我们希望传入什么对象，那么就调用什么对象的函数
//如果函数地址在编译阶段就能确定，那么静态联编
//如果函数地址在运行阶段才能确定，就是动态联编

void DoSpeak(Animal & animal)
{
	animal.speak();
}
//
//多态满足条件： 
//1、有继承关系
//2、子类重写父类中的虚函数
//多态使用：
//父类指针或引用指向子类对象

void test01()
{
	Cat cat;
	DoSpeak(cat);

	Dog dog;
	DoSpeak(dog);
}

int main() {

	test01();


	return 0;
}

Operation result:

小猫在说话
小狗在说话

Summary:

Conditions for polymorphism to be satisfied

  • has an inheritance relationship
  • the subclass overrides the virtual function in the parent class

Conditions for Using Polymorphism

  • A parent class pointer or reference points to a subclass object

Rewrite: A function is called an override when its return value type, function name, and parameter list are exactly the same

1.2.Polymorphism Case 1 - Calculator Class

Case description:

Design and implement a calculator class that performs operations on two operands using both the ordinary approach and polymorphism, respectively.

Advantages of polymorphism:

  • Clear code organization structure
  • Strong readability
  • Facilitates expansion and maintenance in both early and later stages

Example:

//普通实现
class Calculator {
public:
	int getResult(string oper)
	{
		if (oper == "+") {
			return m_Num1 + m_Num2;
		}
		else if (oper == "-") {
			return m_Num1 - m_Num2;
		}
		else if (oper == "*") {
			return m_Num1 * m_Num2;
		}
		//如果要提供新的运算，需要修改源码
	}
public:
	int m_Num1;
	int m_Num2;
};

void test01()
{
	//普通实现测试
	Calculator c;
	c.m_Num1 = 10;
	c.m_Num2 = 10;
	cout << c.m_Num1 << " + " << c.m_Num2 << " = " << c.getResult("+") << endl;

	cout << c.m_Num1 << " - " << c.m_Num2 << " = " << c.getResult("-") << endl;

	cout << c.m_Num1 << " * " << c.m_Num2 << " = " << c.getResult("*") << endl;
}

//多态实现
//抽象计算器类
//多态优点：代码组织结构清晰，可读性强，利于前期和后期的扩展以及维护
class AbstractCalculator
{
public :

	virtual int getResult()
	{
		return 0;
	}

	int m_Num1;
	int m_Num2;
};

//加法计算器
class AddCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
	int getResult()
	{
		return m_Num1 + m_Num2;
	}
};

//减法计算器
class SubCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
	int getResult()
	{
		return m_Num1 - m_Num2;
	}
};

//乘法计算器
class MulCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
	int getResult()
	{
		return m_Num1 * m_Num2;
	}
};

void test02()
{
	//创建加法计算器
	AbstractCalculator *abc = new AddCalculator;
	abc->m_Num1 = 10;
	abc->m_Num2 = 10;
	cout << abc->m_Num1 << " + " << abc->m_Num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
	delete abc;  //用完了记得销毁

	//创建减法计算器
	abc = new SubCalculator;
	abc->m_Num1 = 10;
	abc->m_Num2 = 10;
	cout << abc->m_Num1 << " - " << abc->m_Num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
	delete abc;  

	//创建乘法计算器
	abc = new MulCalculator;
	abc->m_Num1 = 10;
	abc->m_Num2 = 10;
	cout << abc->m_Num1 << " * " << abc->m_Num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
	delete abc;
}

int main() {

	//test01();

	test02();


	return 0;
}

Operation result:

10 + 10 = 20
10 - 10 = 0
10 * 10 = 100

Summary: C++ development advocates using polymorphism to design program architecture, because polymorphism has many advantages

1.3.Pure Virtual Functions and Abstract Classes

In polymorphism, the implementation of a virtual function in the parent class is usually meaningless; it mainly calls the content overridden by the subclass.

Therefore, the virtual function can be changed toa pure virtual function

Pure virtual function syntax:virtual 返回值类型 函数名 （参数列表）= 0 ;

When a class has pure virtual functions, this class is also called an ==abstract class==

Characteristics of abstract classes：

  • Cannot instantiate object
  • A subclass must override the pure virtual functions in the abstract class; otherwise, it is also an abstract class

Example:

class Base
{
public:
	//纯虚函数
	//类中只要有一个纯虚函数就称为抽象类
	//抽象类无法实例化对象
	//子类必须重写父类中的纯虚函数，否则也属于抽象类
	virtual void func() = 0;
};

class Son :public Base
{
public:
	virtual void func() 
	{
		cout << "func调用" << endl;
	};
};

void test01()
{
	Base * base = NULL;
	//base = new Base; // 错误，抽象类无法实例化对象
	base = new Son;
	base->func();
	delete base;//记得销毁
}

int main() {

	test01();


	return 0;
}

Operation result:

func调用

1.4.Polymorphism Case 2 - Making Beverages

案例描述：

The general process for making a beverage is: boil water - brew - pour into a cup - add auxiliary ingredients

Implement this case using polymorphism technology, provide an abstract base class for making beverages, and provide subclasses for making coffee and tea.

1545985945198

Example:

//抽象制作饮品
class AbstractDrinking {
public:
	//烧水
	virtual void Boil() = 0;
	//冲泡
	virtual void Brew() = 0;
	//倒入杯中
	virtual void PourInCup() = 0;
	//加入辅料
	virtual void PutSomething() = 0;
	//规定流程
	void MakeDrink() {
		Boil();
		Brew();
		PourInCup();
		PutSomething();
	}
};

//制作咖啡
class Coffee : public AbstractDrinking {
public:
	//烧水
	virtual void Boil() {
		cout << "煮农夫山泉!" << endl;
	}
	//冲泡
	virtual void Brew() {
		cout << "冲泡咖啡!" << endl;
	}
	//倒入杯中
	virtual void PourInCup() {
		cout << "将咖啡倒入杯中!" << endl;
	}
	//加入辅料
	virtual void PutSomething() {
		cout << "加入牛奶!" << endl;
	}
};

//制作茶水
class Tea : public AbstractDrinking {
public:
	//烧水
	virtual void Boil() {
		cout << "煮自来水!" << endl;
	}
	//冲泡
	virtual void Brew() {
		cout << "冲泡茶叶!" << endl;
	}
	//倒入杯中
	virtual void PourInCup() {
		cout << "将茶水倒入杯中!" << endl;
	}
	//加入辅料
	virtual void PutSomething() {
		cout << "加入枸杞!" << endl;
	}
};

//业务函数
void DoWork(AbstractDrinking* drink) {
	drink->MakeDrink();
	delete drink;
}

void test01() {
	DoWork(new Coffee);
	cout << "--------------" << endl;
	DoWork(new Tea);
}

int main() {

	test01();


	return 0;
}

Operation result:

煮农夫山泉!
冲泡咖啡!
将咖啡倒入杯中!
加入牛奶!
--------------
煮自来水!
冲泡茶叶!
将茶水倒入杯中!
加入枸杞!

1.5.Virtual destructors and pure virtual destructors

When using polymorphism, if a subclass has attributes allocated on the heap, the parent class pointer cannot call the subclass's destructor code when releasing.

Solution: Change the destructor in the parent class to avirtual destructoror apure virtual destructor

Commonality between virtual destructors and pure virtual destructors:

  • It can solve the issue of releasing a subclass object through a base class pointer
  • Both require concrete function implementations

Difference between virtual destructors and pure virtual destructors:

  • If it is a pure virtual destructor, the class is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated as an object.

Virtual destructor syntax:

virtual ~类名(){}

Pure virtual destructor syntax:

virtual ~类名() = 0;

类名::~类名(){}

Example:

class Animal {
public:

	Animal()
	{
		cout << "Animal 构造函数调用！" << endl;
	}
	virtual void Speak() = 0;

	//析构函数加上virtual关键字，变成虚析构函数
	//virtual ~Animal()
	//{
	//	cout << "Animal虚析构函数调用！" << endl;
	//}

	virtual ~Animal() = 0;
};

Animal::~Animal()
{
	cout << "Animal 纯虚析构函数调用！" << endl;
}

//和包含普通纯虚函数的类一样，包含了纯虚析构函数的类也是一个抽象类。不能够被实例化。

class Cat : public Animal {
public:
	Cat(string name)
	{
		cout << "Cat构造函数调用！" << endl;
		m_Name = new string(name);
	}
	virtual void Speak()
	{
		cout << *m_Name <<  "小猫在说话!" << endl;
	}
	~Cat()
	{
		cout << "Cat析构函数调用!" << endl;
		if (this->m_Name != NULL) {
			delete m_Name;
			m_Name = NULL;
		}
	}

public:
	string *m_Name;
};

void test01()
{
	Animal *animal = new Cat("Tom");
	animal->Speak();

	//通过父类指针去释放，会导致子类对象可能清理不干净，造成内存泄漏
	//怎么解决？给基类增加一个虚析构函数
	//虚析构函数就是用来解决通过父类指针释放子类对象
	delete animal;
}

int main() {

	test01();


	return 0;
}

Operation result:

Animal 构造函数调用！
Cat构造函数调用！
Tom小猫在说话!
Cat析构函数调用!
Animal 纯虚析构函数调用！

Summary:

​ 1. A virtual destructor or pure virtual destructor is used to solve the problem of releasing a subclass object through a parent class pointer

2. If the subclass contains no heap data, it is not necessary to write a virtual destructor or pure virtual destructor.

3. A class with a pure virtual destructor is also an abstract class.

1.6.Polymorphism Case 3 - Computer Assembly

案例描述：

The main components of a computer are the CPU (used for computation), the graphics card (used for display), and the memory module (used for storage).

Encapsulate each part into an abstract base class, and provide different manufacturers producing different parts, such as Intel and Lenovo manufacturers

Create a computer class that provides functions to make the computer work, and calls the interface through which each component works.

During testing, assemble three different computers for work

Example:

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

//抽象CPU类
class CPU
{
public:
	//抽象的计算函数
	virtual void calculate() = 0;
};

//抽象显卡类
class VideoCard
{
public:
	//抽象的显示函数
	virtual void display() = 0;
};

//抽象内存条类
class Memory
{
public:
	//抽象的存储函数
	virtual void storage() = 0;
};

//电脑类
class Computer
{
public:
	Computer(CPU * cpu, VideoCard * vc, Memory * mem)
	{
		m_cpu = cpu;
		m_vc = vc;
		m_mem = mem;
	}

	//提供工作的函数
	void work()
	{
		//让零件工作起来，调用接口
		m_cpu->calculate();

		m_vc->display();

		m_mem->storage();
	}

	//提供析构函数 释放3个电脑零件
	~Computer()
	{

		//释放CPU零件
		if (m_cpu != NULL)
		{
			delete m_cpu;
			m_cpu = NULL;
		}

		//释放显卡零件
		if (m_vc != NULL)
		{
			delete m_vc;
			m_vc = NULL;
		}

		//释放内存条零件
		if (m_mem != NULL)
		{
			delete m_mem;
			m_mem = NULL;
		}
	}

private:

	CPU * m_cpu; //CPU的零件指针
	VideoCard * m_vc; //显卡零件指针
	Memory * m_mem; //内存条零件指针
};

//具体厂商
//Intel厂商
class IntelCPU :public CPU
{
public:
	virtual void calculate()
	{
		cout << "Intel的CPU开始计算了！" << endl;
	}
};

class IntelVideoCard :public VideoCard
{
public:
	virtual void display()
	{
		cout << "Intel的显卡开始显示了！" << endl;
	}
};

class IntelMemory :public Memory
{
public:
	virtual void storage()
	{
		cout << "Intel的内存条开始存储了！" << endl;
	}
};

//Lenovo厂商
class LenovoCPU :public CPU
{
public:
	virtual void calculate()
	{
		cout << "Lenovo的CPU开始计算了！" << endl;
	}
};

class LenovoVideoCard :public VideoCard
{
public:
	virtual void display()
	{
		cout << "Lenovo的显卡开始显示了！" << endl;
	}
};

class LenovoMemory :public Memory
{
public:
	virtual void storage()
	{
		cout << "Lenovo的内存条开始存储了！" << endl;
	}
};

void test01()
{
	//第一台电脑零件
	CPU * intelCpu = new IntelCPU;
	VideoCard * intelCard = new IntelVideoCard;
	Memory * intelMem = new IntelMemory;

	cout << "第一台电脑开始工作：" << endl;
	//创建第一台电脑
	Computer * computer1 = new Computer(intelCpu, intelCard, intelMem);
	computer1->work();
	delete computer1;

	cout << "-----------------------" << endl;
	cout << "第二台电脑开始工作：" << endl;
	//第二台电脑组装
	Computer * computer2 = new Computer(new LenovoCPU, new LenovoVideoCard, new LenovoMemory);;
	computer2->work();
	delete computer2;

	cout << "-----------------------" << endl;
	cout << "第三台电脑开始工作：" << endl;
	//第三台电脑组装
	Computer * computer3 = new Computer(new LenovoCPU, new IntelVideoCard, new LenovoMemory);;
	computer3->work();
	delete computer3;

}

Run result: This code block does not contain the main function; it is a syntax, interface, or multi-file example and cannot be run independently, so there is no terminal output.